The AGOA Dilemma. Navigating the Storm

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has long been a pillar of South Africa’s trade relationship with the United States, granting duty-free access to American markets for a range of South African goods. However, with recent geopolitical tensions, including South Africa’s stance on BRICS expansion, its alignment with China on Taiwan, and controversial land reform policies, Washington has increasingly signalled its dissatisfaction. The latest strain suggests AGOA might be the first casualty. If the United States chooses to revoke South Africa’s AGOA privileges, how should Pretoria respond?